16. The passage provides information for answering which of the following questions?relevant lines from the passageAnother difficulty is that similarly dense populations of large deep-sea animals have been found in the proximity of "
smokers" - vents where water emerges at temperatures up to 350° C.
No bacteria can survive such heat, and no bacteria were found there Unless smokers are consistently located near more hospitable warm-water vents, chemosynthesis can account for only a fraction of the vent faunas.
(A) What causes warm-water vents to form?
. Wrong(B) Do vent faunas consume more than do deep-sea faunas of similar size?
. Wrong(C) Do bacteria live in the vent water of smokers?
. Correct(D) What role does hydrogen sulfide play in chemosynthesis?
. Wrong(E) What accounts for the locations of deep-sea smokers?
. Wrong17. The information in the passage suggests that the majority of deep-sea faunas that live in nonvent habitats have which of the following characteristics?If you missed the first paragraph, you can still use the process of elimination to arrive at the correct answer. Nothing in the passage supports Choices A, C, D and E, so B must be the correct answer.
relevant lines in the passageThe deep sea typically has a sparse fauna dominated by tiny worms and crustaceans, with an even sparser distribution of larger animals.
However, near hydrothermal vents, areas of the ocean where warm water emerges from subterranean sources,
live remarkable densities of huge clams, blind crabs, and fish.(A) They do not normally feed on particles of food in the water
. Wrong(B) They are smaller than many vent faunas
. Correct(C) They are predators
. Wrong(D) They derive nutrition from a chemosynthetic food source
. Wrong(E) They congregate around a single main food source
. Wrong18. The primary purpose of the passage is toExplanationA study of the passage reveals that it is trying to explain the food source for the dense populations for small and large animals near hydrothermal vents. Initially, the conclusion was reached that bacterial chemosynthesis provides the foundation for hydrothermal - vent food chains - on the basis of some evidence. Later evidence pointed towards advection as a more likely food source.
(A) describe a previously unknown natural phenomenon
. Wrong.(B) reconstruct the evolution of a natural phenomenon
. Wrong.(C) establish unequivocally the accuracy of a hypothesis
. Wrong.(D) survey explanations for a natural phenomenon and determine which is best supported by evidence
. Correct.(E) entertain criticism of the author's research and provide an effective response
. Wrong.19. Which of the following does the author cite as a weakness in the argument that bacterial chemosynthesis provides the foundation for the food chains at deep-sea vents?relevant lines from the passage For example, some of the large sedentary organisms associated with vents
are also found at ordinary deep-sea temperatures many meters from the nearest hydrothermal sources. This suggests that bacterial
chemosynthesis is not a sufficient source of nutrition for these creatures.
Another difficulty is that similarly dense populations of large deep-sea animals have been found in the proximity of "smokers" - vents where water emerges at temperatures up to 350° C. No bacteria can survive such heat, and no bacteria were found there
(A) Vents are colonized by some of the same animals found in other areas of the ocean floor.
Correct.(B) Vent water does not contain sufficient quantities of hydrogen sulfide.
Wrong.(C) Bacteria cannot produce large quantities of food quickly enough.
Wrong.(D) Large concentrations of minerals are found in vent water.
Wrong.(E) Some bacteria found in the vents are incapable of chemosynthesis.
Wrong.20. Which of the following is information supplied in the passage that would support the statement that the food supplies necessary to sustain vent communities must be many times that of ordinary fallout?relevant lines from the passageThe deep sea typically has a
sparse fauna dominated by tiny worms and crustaceans, with an
even sparser distribution of larger animals. However, near hydrothermal vents, areas of the ocean where warm water emerges from subterranean sources, live
remarkable densities of huge clams, blind crabs, and fish.
I. Large vent faunas move from vent to vent in search of food.
Wrong.II. Vent faunas are not able to consume food produced by photosynthesis.
Wrong.III. Vents are more densely populated than are other deep-sea areas.
Correct.(A) I only
Wrong.(B) III only
Correct.(C) I and II only
Wrong.(D) II and III only
Wrong.(E) I, II, and III
Wrong.21. The author refers to "smokers" most probably in order torelevant lines from the passageAnother difficulty is that similarly dense populations of large deep-sea animals have been found in the proximity of "smokers" - vents where water emerges at temperatures up to 350° C.
No bacteria can survive such heat, and no bacteria were found there. Unless smokers are consistently located near more hospitable warm-water vents,
chemosynthesis can account for only a fraction of the vent faunas.
(A) show how thermal shock can provide food for some vent faunas by stunning small animals.
Wrong.(B) prove that the habitat of most deep-sea animals is limited to warm-water vents.
Wrong.(C) explain how bacteria carry out chemosynthesis.
Wrong.(D) demonstrate how advection compensates for the lack of food sources on the seafloor.
Wrong.(E) present evidence that bacterial chemosynthesis may be an inadequate source of food for some vent faunas.
Correct.22. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the particulate matter that is carried down from the surface of the ocean?
relevant lines from the passageResearch has demonstrated that advective flow, which originates near the surface of the ocean where suspended particulate matter accumulates, transports some of that matter and water to the vents. Estimates suggest that for every cubic meter of vent discharge, 350 milligrams of particulate organic material would be advected into the vent area. Thus, for an average-sized vent,
advection could provide more than 30 kilograms of potential food per day.In addition, it is likely that small live animals in the advected water might be killed or stunned by thermal and/or chemical shock
thereby contributing to the food supply of vents.(A) It is the basis of bacterial chemosynthesis in the vents.
Wrong.(B) It may provide an important source of nutrition for vent faunas.
Correct(C) It may cause the internal temperature of the vents to change significantly..
Wrong.(D) It is transported as large aggregates of particles.
Wrong.(E) It contains hydrogen sulfide.
Wrong.
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