We don't choose answer that are partially correct. In this way, answer choice 'A' is the best answer not the perfect answer.

Explanation

1)

Address an argument means to speak or explain it or tackle in its reasoning. C is the best. The other answer choices are out of scope, mainly.

2)

The best and proper way to tackle this first question of the passage is probably the POE, process of elimination. Keep in mind always that all the information you need to nail the right answer is in the passage, buried or explicitly stated. A tells us that on the other hand the passage mention Keep it for now.
The second answer talks about modernization but I do not see anything like that wrote in the passage itself.
The third talks about fiction arguments that are peripheral, but nothing about in the periphery is mentioned in the passage.
The fourth we see "changing over time". Nothing about that
The last one talks about Eliot have influenced...but the passage tells us about how he is fascinated not influenced.
A is the best answer.

In early-twentieth-century England, it was fashionable to claim that only a completely new style of writing could address a world undergoing unprecedented transformation-just as one literary critic recently claimed that only the new

It was believed that ONLY a new way of writing could talk or narrate the new world or what was going on because we did have new transformations

speak or C is the way we could talk about these new ways

Hope this helps

A re-orientation is a re-focus on the lesson provided by the tradition.

Hope this helps

regards

For Q2, besides that we can eliminate wrong answers, how can we deduce that the passage suggests present-day writers to engage readers in the narratives??? Can you point on specific wordings or clues?

For Q1, I was confused between C and D. The reason I didn't choose C immediately is because the subject of the sentence in which "address" is used is WRITING (specifically, a new style of WRITING). So I thought that writing couldn't "speak" to anyone so I choose D.
I understand now that C is not literally "speak" to but, still, why is D wrong since it also seems right to me.

Carcass, why reveal is not correct answer choice?

address a world undergoing unprecedented transformation

Eventually, here address is like to explain to us, to convey what is going on. A synonym of conveying is also speak to = tell us what those changes are

reveal= disclose = release. Not the same meaning on the context

Ask if you are still not sure. I am happy to help