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Toward the end of the 19th century, many scientists thought that all t
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03 Mar 2023, 01:51
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Toward the end of the 19th century, many scientists thought that all the great scientific discoveries had already been made and that there was not much left to do beyond some “tidying up.” Max Planck, born in 1858, turned this notion upside down with his study of black-body radiation. Even in a vacuum, a hot body will tend to come to thermal equilibrium with a colder body by radiative heat transfer. This is the principle by which we derive energy from the sun. However, measurement of black-body radiation frequencies across a range of temperatures resulted in a parabolic curve, which theory in Planck’s time could not explain. After many years of work devoted to this problem, Planck succeeded in quantitatively explaining the experimental data; his key insight was that energy comes in small, discrete packets, called quanta. His theory was the birth of what is called quantum mechanics, the revolutionary theory of matter that is fundamental to the modern understanding of physics, chemistry, and molecular biology.
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1) Select the sentence that best describes the importance of Max Planck’s work to modern science, as described in the passage.
His theory was the birth of what is called quantum mechanics, the revolutionary theory of matter that is fundamental to the modern understanding of physics, chemistry, and molecular biology
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2) Which of the following would best paraphrase the opening sentence?
A By the late 1800s, much of the scientific community felt it had completed the majority of its work and minor revisions were its only remaining task. B By 1900, few scientists were still making significant discoveries, and most projects were revising current theories. C At the end of the 19th century, scientists were concerned that they had run out of discoveries to make and could only perfect already proven theories. D By 1900, the scientific community had declared that it had come to understand the natural laws of the universe. E At the end of the 19th century, scientists ceased trying to formulate new theories.
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3) Which of the following best describes the relationship between the highlighted portions of the passage?
A Topic and scope B Theory and debunking C Problem and solution D Hypothesis and analysis E Thesis and synthesis
Re: Toward the end of the 19th century, many scientists thought that all t
[#permalink]
08 Mar 2023, 02:17
2
Expert Reply
1) Select the sentence that best describes the importance of Max Planck’s work to modern science, as described in the passage.
Answer
The sentence that best describes the importance of Max Planck’s work to modern science is: "His theory was the birth of what is called quantum mechanics, the revolutionary theory of matter that is fundamental to the modern understanding of physics, chemistry, and molecular biology." This sentence explicitly states that Planck's work on black-body radiation and the development of the theory of quantum mechanics was fundamental to modern science and our understanding of physics, chemistry, and molecular biology.
Re: Toward the end of the 19th century, many scientists thought that all t
[#permalink]
08 Mar 2023, 02:21
2
Expert Reply
2) Which of the following would best paraphrase the opening sentence?
Explanation
Option A is the correct answer as it accurately paraphrases the opening sentence of the passage, which states that "Toward the end of the 19th century, many scientists thought that all the great scientific discoveries had already been made and that there was not much left to do beyond some 'tidying up.'"
Option B is incorrect because it overgeneralizes the situation, saying that few scientists were still making significant discoveries.
Option C is mostly accurate, but it overemphasizes the notion of "perfection" and doesn't mention the idea of "tidying up."
Option D is incorrect because it is too extreme and makes a claim that is not supported by the passage.
Option E is also incorrect because it states that scientists ceased trying to formulate new theories, which is not supported by the passage.
Toward the end of the 19th century, many scientists thought that all t
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08 Mar 2023, 02:23
2
Expert Reply
3) Which of the following best describes the relationship between the highlighted portions of the passage?
Explanation
The highlighted portions of the passage describe a problem and its solution. The problem is the inability of the existing theory to explain the parabolic curve obtained from the measurement of black-body radiation frequencies across a range of temperatures. The solution is Planck's insight that energy comes in small, discrete packets called quanta, which explains the experimental data. Therefore, the correct answer is (C) Problem and solution.
Option (A) is incorrect because while the highlighted portions do discuss a topic and its scope, the focus is more on a specific problem and its solution.
Option (B) is incorrect because the passage does not discuss any debunking of a theory.
Option (D) is incorrect because while the passage discusses an analysis of the experimental data, it does not mention any hypothesis.
Option (E) is incorrect because the highlighted portions do not present a thesis and its synthesis but instead describe a problem and its solution.
Answer: C
gmatclubot
Toward the end of the 19th century, many scientists thought that all t [#permalink]