Toward the end of the 19th century, many scientists thought that all the great scientific discoveries had already been made and that there was not much left to do beyond some “tidying up.” Max Planck, born in 1858, turned this notion upside down with his study of black-body radiation. Even in a vacuum, a hot body will tend to come to thermal equilibrium with a colder body by radiative heat transfer. This is the principle by which we derive energy from the sun. However, measurement of black-body radiation frequencies across a range of temperatures resulted in a parabolic curve, which theory in Planck’s time could not explain. After many years of work devoted to this problem, Planck succeeded in quantitatively explaining the experimental data; his key insight was that energy comes in small, discrete packets, called quanta. His theory was the birth of what is called quantum mechanics, the revolutionary theory of matter that is fundamental to the modern understanding of physics, chemistry, and molecular biology.

1) Select the sentence that best describes the importance of Max Planck’s work to modern science, as described in the passage.





2) Which of the following would best paraphrase the opening sentence? ​

A​ By the late 1800s, much of the scientific community felt it had completed the majority of its work and minor revisions were its only remaining task. ​
B​ By 1900, few scientists were still making significant discoveries, and most projects were revising current theories. ​
C​ At the end of the 19th century, scientists were concerned that they had run out of discoveries to make and could only perfect already proven theories. ​
D​ By 1900, the scientific community had declared that it had come to understand the natural laws of the universe.
​E​ At the end of the 19th century, scientists ceased trying to formulate new theories.



3) Which of the following best describes the relationship between the highlighted portions of the passage?

​A​ Topic and scope ​
B​ Theory and debunking ​
C​ Problem and solution ​
D​ Hypothesis and analysis ​
E​ Thesis and synthesis