(i) ________ , once thought to be the result of poor motivation or bad genetics and the fault of the released prisoners rather than the institutions that released them, has institutional and social dimensions that are far beyond the control of the ex-offender, and, that unabated, virtually enslave ex-offenders to criminal lifestyles ensuring that they become permanent residents of our penal institutions.

Blank (i)
A. gasconade
B. recidivism
C. exfiltration
D. chicanery
E. attenuation