It may help to first redraw the figure by simply rotating triangle $A C D$ about the center of the circle so that $A D$ will be vertical. This is acceptable, because we aren't changing any lengths or angles except to create a right triangle $A O G$, as shown:
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GRE geometry problem.png [ 101.11 KiB | Viewed 83 times ]
Now, let's start with the one length we were given. Since $\(A C=C D\)$, triangle $A C D$ is an equilateral right triangle, or a 45-45-90 triangle (referring to the angle measures). In an equilateral right triangle, the hypotenuse is $\(\sqrt{2}\)$ times the length of either other side, so $\(A D=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\)$.
In the figure, $A D$ is the diameter of the circle, and $\(A E\)$ is a radius of the circle. Thus, $\(A E\)$ is half $\(A D\)$, or $\(A E=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4}\)$. Also, the square side length equals the diameter, and $\(D F\)$ is half a side of the square, so $\(D F=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4}\)$, too.
The problem states that $\(B G=4 A E\), so \(B G=\sqrt{2}\)$.
We now have two of the side lengths for the right triangle we created:
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GRe geometry problem 2.png [ 47.32 KiB | Viewed 83 times ]
By Pythagorean Theorem, \(\sqrt{(\sqrt{2})^2-(\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2})^2 \)\(= \sqrt{2-\frac{2}{4}}=\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}=\frac{\sqrt{3}}{\sqrt{2}}=\frac{\sqrt{6}}{2}\)
We are looking for $G F$, which is simply $\(G D-D F\)$. Since $\(D F=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4}\), GF\(=\frac{\sqrt{6}}{2}-\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4}=\frac{2\sqrt{6}}{4}-\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4}=\frac{2 \sqrt{6}-\sqrt{2}}{4}\)$.
The correct answer is D .