This what I do basically
1) Start reading very carefully but not to slow
2) write down some words as notes to keep in mind
3) I usually just read and NOT take notes at all. All in my mind but this is quite difficult. You need a lot of practice and a well understanding of the standard English language to achieve that. It is just a matter of practice though. Nothing that you cannot achieve on your own
Kleptoplasty (from the Greek kleptes, meaning “thief”) is a phenomenon whereby host organisms ingest a chlorophyll-utilizing species, typically algae, and use the energy-producing organelles called chloroplasts contained within the consumed species to help meet their own metabolic needs.
Simple: the K (something - no need to remember the entire name just K) eat something to have energy to produce something else
In this way, kleptoplasty is an example of symbiosis, a close relationship between two different species.
Important sentence: two species work both to help each other: K hosts algae and from them , though, take nutrients
Further, it is an endosymbiosis, such that one of the species resides completely within another. Moreover, it is not only symbiosis but also
endosymbiosis one of the species resides completely within another. Unlike the example of mitochondria, thought to have once been fully separate bacteria that came to live within animal cells and perform a mutualistic metabolic function, the algae are only partially utilized; most of the organism is digested and discarded, leaving only the chloroplasts to be retained by the host. Here we have a specific phenomenon the algae are just used and discarded in the sense that the host only retain the plastic NOT the algae itself
Most kleptoplastic species are unicellular ciliates or dinoflagellates.Just detail
The only known members of the animal kingdom that practice kleptoplasty are several species of sarcoglossan sea slugs. Several animals do this process about the plastic
These “solar-powered” sea slugs incorporate whole chloroplasts into their body cells, where the stolen plastids can convert sunlight into useful energy for as long as ten months in some species.Just detail the sea slugs use solar power to do the same process
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chloroplasts produce energy by using sunlight to power a series of reactions that result in sugars that can be used as a food source for the host organism. How the plastic from algae makes energy ? producing in the end sugar that is used by the host that incorporate algae
Algae have genes that encode proteins that act as enzymes that support this process. Detail: algae uses enzymes
PRK, for example, is an enzyme that is responsible for the regeneration of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate, an organic molecule used in the reductive pentose phosphate pathway (RPPP) of photosynthesis. Enzyme PRK is just an example
Sea slugs lack the PRK gene, so for many kleptoplastic species, once the raw materials within the chloroplasts are exhausted, photosynthesis ceases and new chloroplasts must be obtained. Sea slugs lack of this enzyme but nonethless they start the process all over again
As a result, until recently it remained a mystery how some sarcoglossan sea slug species were able to sustain chloroplast function for many months.we do not know yer how sea slugs can do this lacking of thr PRK
----------------------------------------------------------------Genome sequencing revealed the answer. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of the genome of individual sarcoglossan sea slugs of species Elysia chlorotica that had been exposed to chlorophyll-utilizing algae revealed that these individuals did in fact have the PRK gene, whereas individuals that had not been exposed to algae lacked the gene. Ahhhhhhhhhh: now is clear. The sea slugs in the end have the PRK because they have a symbiosis with the algae
Radioactive labeling confirmed the surprising result: E. chlorotica incorporates genes from the algae into its own genome. This process, known as horizontal gene transfer, is common in bacteria and unicellular eukaryotes but is rare to find in more complex species.
Now we know how is possible. Simple................
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