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Mycorrhizal fungi infect more plants than do any other fungi
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22 Jun 2019, 12:59
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Mycorrhizal fungi infect more plants than do any other fungi and are necessary for many plants to thrive, but they have escaped widespread investigation until recently for two reasons. First, the symbiotic association is so well-balanced that the roots of host plants show no damage even when densely infected. Second, the fungi cannot as yet be cultivated in the absence of a living root. Despite these difficulties, there has been important new work that suggests that this symbiotic association can be harnessed to achieve more economical use of costly superphosphate fertilizer and to permit better exploitation of cheaper, less soluble rock phosphate. Mycorrhizal benefits are not limited to improved phosphate uptake in host plants. In legumes, mycorrhizal inoculation has increased nitrogen fixation beyond levels achieved by adding phosphate fertilizer alone. Certain symbiotic associations also increase the host plant's resistance to harmful root fungi. Whether this resistance results from exclusion of harmful fungi through competition for sites, from metabolic change involving antibiotic production, or from increased vigor is undetermined.
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17. Which of the following most accurately describes the passage?
(A) A description of a replicable experiment (B) A summary report of new findings (C) A recommendation for abandoning a difficult area of research (D) A refutation of an earlier hypothesis (E) A confirmation of earlier research
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18. The level of information in the passage above is suited to the needs of all of the following people EXCEPT
(A) a researcher whose job is to identify potentially profitable areas for research and product development (B) a state official whose position requires her to alert farmers about possible innovations in farming (C) an official of a research foundation who identifies research projects for potential funding (D) a biologist attempting to keep up with scientific developments in an area outside of his immediate area of specialization (E) a botanist conducting experiments to determine the relationship between degree of mycorrhizal infection and expected uptake of phosphate
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19. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following has been a factor influencing the extent to which research on mycorrhizal fungi has progressed?
(A) Lack of funding for such research (B) Lack of immediate application of such research (C) Lack of a method for identifying mycorrhizal fungi (D) Difficulties surrounding laboratory production of specimens for study (E) Difficulties ensuing from the high cost and scarcity of superphosphate fertilizers
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20. The passage suggests which of the following about the increased resistance to harmful root fungi that some plants infected with mycorrhizal fungi seem to exhibit?
(A) There are at least three hypotheses that might account for the increase. (B) An explanation lies in the fact that mycorrhizal fungi increase more rapidly in number than harmful root fungi do. (C) The plants that show increased resistance also exhibit improved nitrogen fixation. (D) Such increases may be independent of mycorrhizal infection. (E) It is unlikely that a satisfactory explanation can be found to account for the increase.
Re: Mycorrhizal fungi infect more plants than do any other fungi
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27 Jan 2020, 09:48
19
mind wrote:
Can someone explain question 18? I selected D, which was wrong
18. The level of information in the passage above is suited to the needs of all of the following people EXCEPT
(A) a researcher whose job is to identify potentially profitable areas for research and product development The passage says that the symbiotic relationship can be utilized to achieve more economical use of costly superphosphate fertilizer.. So, this can be inferred
(B) a state official whose position requires her to alert farmers about possible innovations in farming A state official can alert farmers about Mycorrhizal benefits of improving phosphate uptake in host plants and increased nitrogen fixation beyond levels.
(C) an official of a research foundation who identifies research projects for potential funding The last sentence suggests that this area still requires further research, so this one can be inferred
(D) a biologist attempting to keep up with scientific developments in an area outside of his immediate area of specialization this symbiotic association can be harnessed to achieve more economical use of costly super phosphate fertilizer and to permit better exploitation of cheaper, less soluble rock phosphate. This chemical related discovery may intrigue a biologist to study the fungi in more detail.
(E) a botanist conducting experiments to determine the relationship between degree of mycorrhizal infection and expected uptake of phosphate It's neither mentioned nor implied in the passage about up to what degree uptake of phosphate would rise by increasing the level of mycorrhizal infection. We are only told that the infection is related to uptake of phosphate, but no information is provided on their levels. This is the answer.
Re: Mycorrhizal fungi infect more plants than do any other fungi
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18 Jul 2019, 09:52
1
Hi, Regarding question two(2), I found following question in a pdf as well; choices separately and select all that apply 9. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following has NOT been a factor influencing the extent to which research on mycorrhizal fungi has progressed? □A Lack of a method for identifying mycorrhizal fungi □B Difficulties surrounding laboratory production of specimens for study □C Difficulties ensuing from the high cost and scarcity of superphosphate fertilizers
could someone help me with the question itself in the simplest way and the source of given answers? Thanks
Re: Mycorrhizal fungi infect more plants than do any other fungi
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27 Jan 2020, 17:19
1
Thank you, theBrahmaTiger. I didn't notice this part of the passage helps eliminate D "this symbiotic association can be harnessed to achieve more economical use of costly super phosphate fertilizer and to permit better exploitation of cheaper, less soluble rock phosphate."
If I'm not mistaken, "can be harnessed" also means "can be further researched"
Re: Mycorrhizal fungi infect more plants than do any other fungi
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28 Jan 2020, 04:57
4
mind wrote:
Thank you, theBrahmaTiger. I didn't notice this part of the passage helps eliminate D "this symbiotic association can be harnessed to achieve more economical use of costly super phosphate fertilizer and to permit better exploitation of cheaper, less soluble rock phosphate."
If I'm not mistaken, "can be harnessed" also means "can be further researched"
Re: Mycorrhizal fungi infect more plants than do any other fungi
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21 May 2020, 02:28
For Q19,
Quote:
19. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following has been a factor influencing the extent to which research on mycorrhizal fungi has progressed?
(A) Lack of funding for such research (B) Lack of immediate application of such research (C) Lack of a method for identifying mycorrhizal fungi (D) Difficulties surrounding laboratory production of specimens for study (E) Difficulties ensuing from the high cost and scarcity of superphosphate fertilizers
This sentence in the passage, mentions 2 reasons why the fungi has escaped widespread attention until recently:
Quote:
First, the symbiotic association is so well-balanced that the roots of host plants show no damage even when densely infected. Second, the fungi cannot as yet be cultivated in the absence of a living root.
The 2 reasons mentioned are first, the infestation is not conspicuous, and second, it's difficult to replicate the experiment in a labaratory. Option C points to the first reason and option D points to the 2nd reason. Can someone clarify why option C is eliminated?
Re: Mycorrhizal fungi infect more plants than do any other fungi
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28 May 2020, 10:47
theBrahmaTiger wrote:
mind wrote:
Can someone explain question 18? I selected D, which was wrong
18. The level of information in the passage above is suited to the needs of all of the following people EXCEPT
(A) a researcher whose job is to identify potentially profitable areas for research and product development The passage says that the symbiotic relationship can be utilized to achieve more economical use of costly superphosphate fertilizer.. So, this can be inferred
(B) a state official whose position requires her to alert farmers about possible innovations in farming A state official can alert farmers about Mycorrhizal benefits of improving phosphate uptake in host plants and increased nitrogen fixation beyond levels.
(C) an official of a research foundation who identifies research projects for potential funding The last sentence suggests that this area still requires further research, so this one can be inferred
(D) a biologist attempting to keep up with scientific developments in an area outside of his immediate area of specialization this symbiotic association can be harnessed to achieve more economical use of costly super phosphate fertilizer and to permit better exploitation of cheaper, less soluble rock phosphate. This chemical related discovery may intrigue a biologist to study the fungi in more detail.
(E) a botanist conducting experiments to determine the relationship between degree of mycorrhizal infection and expected uptake of phosphate It's neither mentioned nor implied in the passage about up to what degree uptake of phosphate would rise by increasing the level of mycorrhizal infection. We are only told that the infection is related to uptake of phosphate, but no information is provided on their levels. This is the answer.
Can someone explain this answer in more dept please?
Re: Mycorrhizal fungi infect more plants than do any other fungi
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06 Jun 2020, 04:10
I had the same doubt @Zohair123. Can someone please answer this why the answer for 19th is d and not c?
For Q19, Quote: 19. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following has been a factor influencing the extent to which research on mycorrhizal fungi has progressed?
(A) Lack of funding for such research (B) Lack of immediate application of such research (C) Lack of a method for identifying mycorrhizal fungi (D) Difficulties surrounding laboratory production of specimens for study (E) Difficulties ensuing from the high cost and scarcity of superphosphate fertilizers
This sentence in the passage, mentions 2 reasons why the fungi has escaped widespread attention until recently: Quote: First, the symbiotic association is so well-balanced that the roots of host plants show no damage even when densely infected. Second, the fungi cannot as yet be cultivated in the absence of a living root.
The 2 reasons mentioned are first, the infestation is not conspicuous, and second, it's difficult to replicate the experiment in a labaratory. Option C points to the first reason and option D points to the 2nd reason. Can someone clarify why option C is eliminated?
Re: Mycorrhizal fungi infect more plants than do any other fungi
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06 Jun 2020, 06:51
2
Expert Reply
First of all
First, the symbiotic association is so well-balanced that the roots of host plants show no damage even when densely infected. Second, the fungi cannot as yet be cultivated in the absence of a living root. Despite these difficulties, there has been important new work that suggests
From above, no one said that the fungi CANNOT be cultivated in laboratory or study: the can't be reproduced if we do NOT have living root
It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following has been a factor influencing the extent to which research on mycorrhizal fungi has progressed?
(A) Lack of funding for such research
No money is mentioned
(B) Lack of immediate application of such research
We do have even though the scenario is not totally clear
(C) Lack of a method for identifying mycorrhizal fungi
See my explanation above
(D) Difficulties surrounding laboratory production of specimens for study
Correct
(E) Difficulties ensuing from the high cost and scarcity of superphosphate fertilizers
High cost and scarcity are not mentioned in the passage
20. The passage suggests which of the following about the increased resistance to harmful root fungi that some plants infected with mycorrhizal fungi seem to exhibit?
(A) There are at least three hypotheses that might account for the increase.
Correct. It is mentioned in the last sentence of the passage
(B) An explanation lies in the fact that mycorrhizal fungi increase more rapidly in number than harmful root fungi do.
More rapidly is not mentioned
(C) The plants that show increased resistance also exhibit improved nitrogen fixation.
We do not know. It is not addressed by the passage at all this dual possibiltiy
(D) Such increases may be independent of mycorrhizal infection.
I do not think so otherwise the entire passage would not exists
(E) It is unlikely that a satisfactory explanation can be found to account for the increase.
We do not know. We are investigating along with 3 main hypothesis
Re: Mycorrhizal fungi infect more plants than do any other fungi
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20 Aug 2020, 10:03
Carcass wrote:
First of all
First, the symbiotic association is so well-balanced that the roots of host plants show no damage even when densely infected. Second, the fungi cannot as yet be cultivated in the absence of a living root. Despite these difficulties, there has been important new work that suggests
From above, no one said that the fungi CANNOT be cultivated in laboratory or study: the can't be reproduced if we do NOT have living root
It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following has been a factor influencing the extent to which research on mycorrhizal fungi has progressed?
(A) Lack of funding for such research
No money is mentioned
(B) Lack of immediate application of such research
We do have even though the scenario is not totally clear
(C) Lack of a method for identifying mycorrhizal fungi
See my explanation above
(D) Difficulties surrounding laboratory production of specimens for study
Correct
(E) Difficulties ensuing from the high cost and scarcity of superphosphate fertilizers
High cost and scarcity are not mentioned in the passage
20. The passage suggests which of the following about the increased resistance to harmful root fungi that some plants infected with mycorrhizal fungi seem to exhibit?
(A) There are at least three hypotheses that might account for the increase.
Correct. It is mentioned in the last sentence of the passage
(B) An explanation lies in the fact that mycorrhizal fungi increase more rapidly in number than harmful root fungi do.
More rapidly is not mentioned
(C) The plants that show increased resistance also exhibit improved nitrogen fixation.
We do not know. It is not addressed by the passage at all this dual possibiltiy
(D) Such increases may be independent of mycorrhizal infection.
I do not think so otherwise the entire passage would not exists
(E) It is unlikely that a satisfactory explanation can be found to account for the increase.
We do not know. We are investigating along with 3 main hypothesis
Hope this helps
@Carcass, I don't think you have explained why C is wrong. The passage states that the roots SHOW NO DAMAGE even when infected which makes me think that it is hard to see when the roots have the fungi; this is definitely a problem because it is included in "these difficulties".
Re: Mycorrhizal fungi infect more plants than do any other fungi
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20 Aug 2020, 10:11
Expert Reply
kaushikdr wrote:
Carcass wrote:
First of all
First, the symbiotic association is so well-balanced that the roots of host plants show no damage even when densely infected. Second, the fungi cannot as yet be cultivated in the absence of a living root. Despite these difficulties, there has been important new work that suggests
From above, no one said that the fungi CANNOT be cultivated in laboratory or study: the can't be reproduced if we do NOT have living root
It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following has been a factor influencing the extent to which research on mycorrhizal fungi has progressed?
(A) Lack of funding for such research
No money is mentioned
(B) Lack of immediate application of such research
We do have even though the scenario is not totally clear
(C) Lack of a method for identifying mycorrhizal fungi
See my explanation above
(D) Difficulties surrounding laboratory production of specimens for study
Correct
(E) Difficulties ensuing from the high cost and scarcity of superphosphate fertilizers
High cost and scarcity are not mentioned in the passage
20. The passage suggests which of the following about the increased resistance to harmful root fungi that some plants infected with mycorrhizal fungi seem to exhibit?
(A) There are at least three hypotheses that might account for the increase.
Correct. It is mentioned in the last sentence of the passage
(B) An explanation lies in the fact that mycorrhizal fungi increase more rapidly in number than harmful root fungi do.
More rapidly is not mentioned
(C) The plants that show increased resistance also exhibit improved nitrogen fixation.
We do not know. It is not addressed by the passage at all this dual possibiltiy
(D) Such increases may be independent of mycorrhizal infection.
I do not think so otherwise the entire passage would not exists
(E) It is unlikely that a satisfactory explanation can be found to account for the increase.
We do not know. We are investigating along with 3 main hypothesis
Hope this helps
@Carcass, I don't think you have explained why C is wrong. The passage states that the roots SHOW NO DAMAGE even when infected which makes me think that it is hard to see when the roots have the fungi; this is definitely a problem because it is included in "these difficulties".
Re: Mycorrhizal fungi infect more plants than do any other fungi
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20 Aug 2020, 11:10
Expert Reply
19. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following has been a factor influencing the extent to which research on mycorrhizal fungi has progressed?
(A) Lack of funding for such research (B) Lack of immediate application of such research (C) Lack of a method for identifying mycorrhizal fungi
In legumes, mycorrhizal inoculation has increased nitrogen fixation beyond levels achieved by adding phosphate fertilizer alone.
If we can inoculate the fungi we CAN identify it for sure.
(D) Difficulties surrounding laboratory production of specimens for study
Second, the fungi cannot as yet be cultivated in the absence of a living root. Correct D from the sentence
(E) Difficulties ensuing from the high cost and scarcity of superphosphate fertilizers
Re: Mycorrhizal fungi infect more plants than do any other fungi
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08 Sep 2020, 18:54
theBrahmaTiger wrote:
mind wrote:
Can someone explain question 18? I selected D, which was wrong
18. The level of information in the passage above is suited to the needs of all of the following people EXCEPT
(A) a researcher whose job is to identify potentially profitable areas for research and product development The passage says that the symbiotic relationship can be utilized to achieve more economical use of costly superphosphate fertilizer.. So, this can be inferred
(B) a state official whose position requires her to alert farmers about possible innovations in farming A state official can alert farmers about Mycorrhizal benefits of improving phosphate uptake in host plants and increased nitrogen fixation beyond levels.
(C) an official of a research foundation who identifies research projects for potential funding The last sentence suggests that this area still requires further research, so this one can be inferred
(D) a biologist attempting to keep up with scientific developments in an area outside of his immediate area of specialization this symbiotic association can be harnessed to achieve more economical use of costly super phosphate fertilizer and to permit better exploitation of cheaper, less soluble rock phosphate. This chemical related discovery may intrigue a biologist to study the fungi in more detail.
(E) a botanist conducting experiments to determine the relationship between degree of mycorrhizal infection and expected uptake of phosphate It's neither mentioned nor implied in the passage about up to what degree uptake of phosphate would rise by increasing the level of mycorrhizal infection. We are only told that the infection is related to uptake of phosphate, but no information is provided on their levels. This is the answer.