Though most tennis players generally strive to strike the ball on the racket's vibration node, more commonly known as the “sweet spot,” many players are unaware of the existence of a second, lesser-known location on the racket face, the center of percussion, that will also greatly diminish the strain on a player's arm when the ball is struck.

In order to understand the physics of this second sweet spot, it is helpful to consider what would happen to a tennis racket in the moments after impact with the ball if the player's hand were to vanish at the moment of impact. The impact of the ball would cause the racket to bounce backwards, experiencing a translational motion away from the ball. The tendency of this motion would be to jerk all parts of the racket, including the end of its handle, backward, or away from the ball. Unless the ball happened to hit the racket precisely at the racket's center of mass, the racket would additionally experience a rotational motion around its center of mass—much as a penny that has been struck near its edge will start to spin. Whenever the ball hits the racket face, the effect of this rotational motion will be to jerk the end of the handle forward, towards the ball. Depending on where the ball strikes the racket face, one or the other of these motions will predominate.

However, there is one point of impact, known as the center of percussion, which causes neither motion to predominate; if a ball were to strike this point, the impact would not impart any motion to the end of the handle. The reason for this lack of motion is that the force on the upper part of the hand would be equal and opposite to the force on the lower part of the hand, resulting in no net force on the tennis players’ hand or forearm. The center of percussion constitutes a second sweet spot because a tennis player's wrist typically is placed next to the end of the racket's handle. When the player strikes the ball at the center of percussion, her wrist is jerked neither forward nor backward, and she experiences a relatively smooth, comfortable tennis stroke.

The manner in which a tennis player can detect the center of percussion on a given tennis racket follows from the nature of this second sweet spot. The center of percussion can be located via simple trial and error by holding the end of a tennis racket between your finger and thumb and throwing a ball onto the strings. If the handle jumps out of your hand, then the ball has missed the center of percussion.

What is the primary message the author is trying to convey?

(A) A proposal for an improvement to the design of tennis rackets
(B) An examination of the differences between the two types of sweet spot
(C) A definition of the translational and rotational forces acting on a tennis racket
(D) A description of the ideal area in which to strike every ball
(E) An explanation of a lesser-known area on a tennis racket that dampens unwanted vibration



According to the passage, all of the following are true of the forces acting upon a tennis racket striking a ball EXCEPT

(A) the only way to eliminate the jolt that accompanies most strokes is to hit the ball on the center of percussion
(B) the impact of the ball striking the racket can strain a tennis player's arm
(C) there are at least two different forces acting upon the racket
(D) the end of the handle of the racket will jerk forward after striking the ball unless the ball strikes the racket's center of mass
(E) the racket will rebound after it strikes the ball



What is the primary function served by paragraph two in the context of the entire passage?

(A) To establish the main idea of the passage
(B) To provide an explanation of the mechanics of the phenomenon discussed in the passage
(C) To introduce a counterargument that elucidates the main idea of the passage
(D) To provide an example of the primary subject described in the passage
(E) To explain why the main idea of the passage would be useful for tennis players



The author mentions “a penny that has been struck near its edge” in order to

(A) show how the center of mass causes the racket to spin
(B) argue that a penny spins in the exact way that a tennis racket spins
(C) explain how translational motion works
(D) provide an illustration of a concept
(E) demonstrate that pennies and tennis rackets do not spin in the same way



Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

(A) If a player holds the tennis racket anywhere other than the end of the handle, the player will experience a jolting sensation.
(B) The primary sweet spot is more effective at damping vibration than is the secondary sweet spot.
(C) Striking a tennis ball at a spot other than the center of percussion can result in a jarring feeling.
(D) Striking a tennis ball repeatedly at spots other than a sweet spot leads to “tennis elbow.”
(E) If a player lets go of the racket at the moment of impact, the simultaneous forward and backward impetus causes the racket to drop straight to the ground.



Select the sentence in the second or third paragraph that describes the physics of the center of percussion's perceived “sweetness”







It can be inferred that a tennis ball that strikes a racket's center of percussion will do which of the following?

A) Cause the racket to bounce backwards
B) Not cause the wrist to jerk
C) Allow for a cleaner stroke than a ball striking a racket's primary sweet spot