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When Jamaican-born social activist Marcus Garvey came to the United St
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03 Feb 2022, 04:45
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When Jamaican-born social activist Marcus Garvey came to the United States in 1916, he arrived at precisely the right historical moment. What made the moment right was the return of African American soldiers from the First World War in 1918, which created an ideal constituency for someone with Garvey's message of unity, pride, and improved conditions for African American communities.
Hoping to participate in the traditional American ethos of individual success, many African American people entered the armed forces with enthusiasm, only to find themselves segregated from white troops and subjected to numerous indignities. They returned to a United States that was as segregated as it had been before the war. Considering similar experiences, anthropologist Anthony F. C. Wallace has argued that when a perceptible gap arises between a culture’s expectations and the reality of that culture, the resulting tension can inspire a revitalization movement: an organized, conscious effort to construct a culture that fulfills longstanding expectations.
Some scholars have argued that Garvey created the consciousness from which he built, in the 1920s, the largest revitalization movement in African American history. But such an argument only tends to obscure the consciousness of identity, strength, and sense of history that already existed in the African American community. Garvey did not create this consciousness; rather, he gave this consciousness its political expression.
Question 1
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50% (01:47) correct
50% (02:21) wrong based on 12 sessions
1. According to the passage, which of the following contributed to Marcus Garvey's success?
(A) He introduced cultural and historical consciousness to the African American community. (B) He believed enthusiastically in the traditional American success ethos. (C) His audience had already formed a consciousness that made it receptive to his message. (D) His message appealed to critics of African American support for United States military involvement in the First World War. (E) He supported the movement to protest segregation that had emerged prior to his arrival in the United States.
Question 2
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2. The passage suggests that many African American people responded to their experiences in the armed forces in which of the following ways?
(A) They maintained as civilians their enthusiastic allegiance to the armed forces. (B) They questioned United States involvement in the First World War. (C) They joined political organizations to protest the segregation of African American troops and the indignities they suffered in the military. (D) They became aware of the gap between their expectations and the realities of American culture. (E) They repudiated Garvey's message of pride and unity.
Question 3
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3. It can be inferred from the passage that the “scholars” mentioned in the highlight text believe which of the following to be true?
(A) Revitalization resulted from the political activism of returning African American soldiers following the First World War. (B) Marcus Garvey had to change a number of prevailing attitudes in order for his mass movement to find a foothold in the United States. (C) The prevailing sensibility of the African American community provided the foundation of Marcus Garvey’s political appeal. (D) Marcus Garvey hoped to revitalize consciousness of cultural and historical identity in the African American community. (E) The goal of the mass movement that Marcus Garvey helped bring into being was to build on the pride and unity among African Americans.
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4. According to the passage, many African American people joined the armed forces during the First World War for which of the following reasons?
(A) They wished to escape worsening economic conditions in African American communities. (B) They expected to fulfill ideals of personal attainment. (C) They sought to express their loyalty to the United States. (D) They hoped that joining the military would help advance the cause of desegregation. (E) They saw military service as an opportunity to fulfill Marcus Garvey’s political vision.
Re: When Jamaican-born social activist Marcus Garvey came to the United St
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19 Feb 2022, 23:10
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Official Explanation
1. According to the passage, which of the following contributed to Marcus Garvey's success?
Difficulty Level: Easy
Explanation
Supporting idea
To answer this question, find what the passage states explicitly about how Marcus Garvey achieved his success. The passage begins by stating that Garvey arrived at the right time: that returning African American soldiers were primed to receive what he had to say about the African American community. These soldiers already held strong beliefs about their rights to opportunities for success; the passage concludes that the divide between the soldiers’ expectations and their experiences led to Garvey’s success.
A. The passage states that African American people were in possession of a strong cultural and historical consciousness prior to Garvey’s arrival in the United States.
B. The passage attributes belief in the traditional American success ethos to African American people who joined the armed forces; it does not mention Garvey’s beliefs on this subject.
C. Correct. African American soldiers who had experienced segregation during the First World War were ready to hear what Garvey had to say.
D. Critics of African American support for United States involvement in the First World War are not mentioned in the passage.
E. While Garvey most likely would have supported a movement to protest segregation, such a movement is not discussed in the passage.
Re: When Jamaican-born social activist Marcus Garvey came to the United St
[#permalink]
19 Feb 2022, 23:15
Expert Reply
Official Explanation
2. The passage suggests that many African American people responded to their experiences in the armed forces in which of the following ways?
Difficulty Level: Medium
Explanation
Inference
According to the passage, African Americans enthusiastically joined the armed services but were confronted with continued segregation, both in the military and when they returned home. The passage does not explicitly state their response to these experiences, but a response can be inferred. The second paragraph refers to anthropologist Anthony F. C. Wallace, who argued that a revitalization movement may be brought about by the perception of a gap between expectations and reality, and such a revitalization did occur in African American communities following the First World War; thus, many African American people may have become aware of a gap such as Wallace described.
A. The passage states that African American troops experienced segregation and other indignities while in the military; these experiences could reasonably be inferred to have dampened their enthusiasm for the armed forces. Regardless, the passage does not suggest an enthusiastic allegiance.
B. The passage describes African American people’s enthusiasm about joining the military. Although they experienced segregation and other indignities while in the military, the passage does not suggest that their opinion about involvement in the war changed.
C. While African American troops may have joined political organizations, the passage does not provide any actual evidence of this having occurred.
D. Correct. The fact that, as the passage states, a revitalization movement occurred in the African American community following the First World War suggests that the returning soldiers did become aware of the gap between their expectations of an improved situation with regard to segregation and the reality of continued segregation in the United States.
E. The passage does not suggest that African American troops repudiated Garvey’s message. On the contrary, it states that Garvey built the largest revitalization movement in African American history. This suggests that the members of the African American community, including the returning soldiers, were extremely receptive to Garvey’s message.
Re: When Jamaican-born social activist Marcus Garvey came to the United St
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19 Feb 2022, 23:18
Expert Reply
Official Explanation
3. It can be inferred from the passage that the “scholars” mentioned in the highlight text believe which of the following to be true?
Difficulty Level: Hard
Explanation
Inference
To determine what it is logical to infer regarding the scholars discussed in the third paragraph, look at the context in which they are mentioned. According to the passage, these scholars argue that Garvey wasresponsible for creating a particular consciousness within the African American community, a consciousness that the passage identifies as identity, strength, and [a] sense of history. Unlike the passage author, these scholars believe strongly in Garvey’s responsibility for this consciousness, so they would most likely reject any suggestion that it existed prior to his arrival and activism.
A. According to the passage, the scholars believe that Garvey was responsible for the creation of the consciousness that led to revitalization, which suggests that revitalization resulted from Garvey’s activism, not soldiers’ activism.
B. Correct. According to the passage, the scholars believe that Garvey created the consciousness that led to his revitalization movement. This suggests that he had to change prevailing attitudes in order to foster this new consciousness.
C. According to the passage, the scholars believe that Garvey created a new consciousness in the African American community; thus, the prevailing sensibility could not have provided a foundation for his appeal.
D. According to the passage, the scholars believe that Garvey built his revitalization movement on a new consciousness of cultural and historical identity, not a previously existing one.
E. According to the passage, the scholars’ position is that Garvey’s movement was built on a new sense of pride and unity that he provided, and that that sense did not precede Garvey’s work.
Re: When Jamaican-born social activist Marcus Garvey came to the United St
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19 Feb 2022, 23:22
Expert Reply
Official Explanation
4. According to the passage, many African American people joined the armed forces during the First World War for which of the following reasons?
Difficulty Level: Medium
Explanation
Supporting idea
This question depends on identifying what the passage states directly about African American people’s reasons for joining the armed forces. The reason offered by the passage is that the African American people who entered the armed forces did so because they were hoping to participate in the traditional American ethos of individual success.
A. Although this is a plausible reason for entering the armed forces, the passage does not discuss economic conditions.
B. Correct. The passage states that African American people who joined the armed forces during the First World War wanted to achieve individual success.
C. The passage does not discuss African American people’s loyalty to the United States.
D. The passage states that African American troops experienced segregation, but it does not suggest that they had hoped their joining the military would promote desegregation.
E. The passage suggests that African American troops did not become aware of Marcus Garvey’s political vision until after they returned from the First World War.
The correct answer is B.
gmatclubot
Re: When Jamaican-born social activist Marcus Garvey came to the United St [#permalink]
03 Feb 2022, 04:45
50% (01:47) correct
