Political parties today are consciously non-ideological, but in the 1840s and 1850s ideology made its way into the heart of the political system. Line Political sociologists have pointed out that the stable functioning of a political democracy requires a setting in which parties represent broad coalitions of varying interests, and that the peaceful resolution of social conflict takes place most easily when the major parties share fundamental values. Such a view implies (WI that the peaceful operation of the political system is the highest social value, an implication which, under certain circumstances, may be justly questioned. But it does contain important insights about the normal functioning of the American polity. Government by majority rule, Carl Becker observed many years ago, works best when political issues involve superficial problems, rather than deep social divisions. The minority can accept the victory of the majority at the polls, because both share many basic values, and electoral defeat does not imply "a fatal surrender of ... vital interests."

Before the 1850s, the second American party system conformed to this pattern—largely because sectional ideologies and issues were consciously kept out of politics. In this sense, the party system had a certain artificial quality. Its divisions rarely corresponded to the basic sectional divisions which were daily becoming more and more pronounced. The two decades before the Civil War witnessed the development of conflicting sectional ideologies, each viewing its own society as fundamentally well-ordered, and the other as both a negation of its most cherished values and a threat to its existence.

The development of the two ideologies was in many ways interrelated; each grew in part as a response to the growth of the other. Thus, as southerners were coming more and more consciously to insist on slavery as the very basis of civilized life, and to reject the materialism and lack of cohesion in northern society, northerners came to view slavery as the antithesis of the good society, as well as a threat to their own fundamental values and interests. The existing political system could not contain these two irreconcilable ideologies, and in the 1850s each national party—Whigs, Know-Nothings, and finally Democrats—disintegrated. And in the end the South seceded from the Union rather than accept the victory of a political party whose ideology threatened everything Southerners most valued. At the center of the Republican ideology was the notion of "free labor." This concept involved not merely an attitude toward work, but a justification of antebellum northern society, and it led northern Republicans to an extensive critique of southern society, which appeared both different from and inferior to their own. Republicans also believed in the existence of a conspiratorial "slave power" which had seized control of the federal government. Two profoundly different and antagonistic civilizations, Republicans thus believed, had developed within the nation, and were competing for control of the political system.

1) The primary purpose of the passage is to

A. discuss the requirements for a stable political system, in particular, a democracy
B. present a cause for the breakdown in relations between North and South that led, ultimately, to the Civil War
C. explain the reason why political parties seek to avoid introducing ideology into their platforms
D. analyze the effect of the Civil War on the political party system in the United States
E. propose the theory that the Republican party was responsible for the South's secession from the Union



2. It can be inferred from the passage that political parties today

A. do not differ from each other markedly in terms of interests
B. consider freedom from conflict the most important social concern
C. keep their distance from ideology because of its potential to divide
D. look to the Civil War as a lesson on how to maintain national unity
E. address only problems of little weight and rarely dispute one another



3. The author mentions Carl Becker in order to

A. challenge the position popularly held by political sociologists regarding the power of ideology
B. argue that a democracy is characterized by the peaceful transition of power from one party to another
C. promote the notion that it is better for a democracy to address only issues that are not divisive
D. suggest that, in order for a democracy to flourish, the political system must represent diverse interests
E. lend credence to the assertion that political stability is founded upon the absence of ideological confrontation



4. Consider all of the choices separately and select all that apply.

The author implies that Republicans in the 1850s would be likely to believe that:

❑ slaves were going to win many federal elections.
❑ their ideas were incompatible with those of their political rivals.
❑ Northern society was superior to Southern society.



5. Select the sentence that provides a practical illustration of why a non-ideological political party system may function well in America.





6. The passage suggests which of the following about politics in America prior to the Civil War?

❑ Growing divisions between the political parties became increasingly ideological, resulting in the eventual end of the existing political parties.
❑ While Southern Americans knew slavery was wrong, they were too economically dependent on slave labor to give up slavery.
❑ Republicans supported Southern Americans in their belief that slaves should not be paid for their labor.



7. The author's attitude toward the Republican party of the mid-nineteenth century can best be described as

A. admiring
B. appreciative
C. sympathetic
D. objective
E. vehement